书法英文介绍，书法的来源英文介绍

英语单词
2024-03-31

书法英文介绍？英文书法在打字机发明之前，英文也是很讲究书法的，称作calligraphy，意即“漂亮的笔迹”，又因为写得好的多是以誊写为生的penman，也称作penmanship。陀思妥耶夫斯基在《白痴》第三章中有这样的描述：嗯，这是普通、那么，书法英文介绍？一起来了解一下吧。

书法翻译器扫一扫

The art of calligraphy is widely practiced and revered in the East Asian civilizations that use Chinese characters. These include China, Japan, Korea, and formerly Vietnam[1].In addition to being an artform in its own right, calligraphy has also influenced ink and wash painting, which is accomplished using similar tools and techniques. The East Asian tradition of calligraphy originated and developed from China, specifically the ink and brush writing of Chinese characters. There is a general standardization of the various styles of calligraphy in the East Asian tradition. Calligraphy has also led to the development of many other forms of art in East Asia, including seal carving, ornate paperweights, and inkstones.

[edit] Tools

The paper, ink, brush, and inkstone are essential implements of East Asian calligraphy: they are known together as the Four Treasures of the Study (T: 文房四宝 / S: 文房四宝) in China, and as the Four Friends of the Study (HG: 문방사우 / HJ: 文房四友) in Korea. In addition to these four tools, desk pads and paperweights are also used by calligraphers.

[edit] Paper

Special types of paper are used in East Asian calligraphy.

In China, Xuanzhi, traditionally made in Anhui province, is the preferred type of paper. It is made from the Tartar wingceltis (Pteroceltis tartarianovii), as well as other materials including rice, the paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), bamboo, hemp, etc.

In Japan, Washi is made from the kozo (paper mulberry), ganpi (Wikstroemia sikokiana), and mitsumata (Edgeworthia papyrifera), as well as other materials like bamboo, hemp, rice, and wheat. somtimes the brush is used to put ink on a pen

[edit] Ink

The ink is made from lampblack (soot) and binders, and comes in sticks which must be rubbed with water on an inkstone until the right consistency is achieved. Much cheaper, pre-mixed bottled inks are now available, but these are used primarily for practice as stick inks are considered higher quality and chemical inks are more prone to bleeding over time, making them less suitable for use in hanging scrolls. Learning to rub the ink is an essential part of calligraphy study. Traditionally, East Asian calligraphy is written only in black ink, but modern calligraphers sometimes use other colours. Calligraphy teachers use a bright orange ink with which they write practice characters for students and correct students' work.

[edit] Brush

The brush is the traditional writing implement in East Asian calligraphy. The body of the brush can be made from either bamboo, or rarer materials like red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver, and gold. The head of the brush can be made from the hair (or feather) of a wide variety of animals, including the wolf, rabbit, deer, chicken, duck, goat, pig, tiger, etc. There is also a tradition in both China and Japan of making a brush using the hair of a newborn, as a once-in-a-lifetime souvenir for the child. This practice is associated with the legend of an ancient Chinese scholar who scored first in the Imperial examinations by using such a personalized brush.

Today, calligraphy may also be done using a pen, but pen calligraphy does not enjoy the same prestige as traditional brush calligraphy.

[edit] Inkstone

A stone or ceramic inkstone is used to rub the solid ink stick into liquid ink and to contain the ink once it is liquid. Cheaper inkstones are made of plastic.

Inkstones are often carved, so they are collectible works of art on their own.

[edit] Paperweight

Paperweights come in several types: some are oblong wooden blocks carved with calligraphic or pictorial designs; others are essentially small sculptures of people or animals. Like inkstones, paperweights are collectible works of art on their own right.

[edit] Desk pad

The desk pad (Chinese T: 画毡, S: 画毡, Pinyin: huàzhān; Japanese: 下敷 shitajiki) is a pad made of felt. Some are printed with grids on both sides, so that when it is placed under the translucent paper, it can be used as a guide to ensure correct placement and size of characters. These printed pads are used only by students. Both desk pads and the printed grids come in a variety of sizes.

[edit] Seal

Main article: Chinese seal

Works of calligraphy are usually completed by the artist putting his or her seal at the very end, in red ink. The seal serves the function of a signature.

[edit] Study

The Chinese method of holding the brushHow the brush is held depends on which calligraphic genre is practiced. For Chinese calligraphy, the method of holding the brush is more special; the brush is held vertically straight gripped between the thumb and middle finger. The index finger lightly touches the upper part of the shaft of the brush (stabilizing it) while the ring and little fingers tuck under the bottom of the shaft. The palm is hollow and you should be able to hold an egg in there. This method, although difficult to hold correctly for the beginner, allows greater freedom of movement, control and execution of strokes. For Japanese calligraphy, the brush is held in the right hand between the thumb and the index finger, very much like a Western pen.

A paperweight is placed at the top of all but the largest pages to prevent slipping; for smaller pieces the left hand is also placed at the bottom of the page for support.

In China, there are many people who practice calligraphy in public places such as parks and sidewalks, using water as their ink and the ground as their paper. Very large brushes are required. Although such calligraphic works are temporary (as the water will eventually dry), they serve the dual purpose of both being an informal public display of one's work, and an opportunity to further practice one's calligraphy.

In Japan, smaller pieces of Japanese calligraphy are traditionally written seated in the traditional Japanese way (seiza), on the knees with the buttocks resting on the heels. In modern times, however, practitioners frequently practice calligraphy seated on a chair at a table. Larger pieces may be written while standing; in this case the paper is usually placed directly on the floor, but some calligraphers use an easel.

A man practicing calligraphy in Beihai Park, BeijingCalligraphy takes many years of dedicated practice. Correct stroke order, proper balance and rhythm of characters are essential in calligraphy. Skilled handling of the brush produces a pleasing balance of characters on the paper, thick and thin lines, and heavy and light inking. In most cases, a calligrapher will practice writing the Chinese character yong (永) many, many times in order to perfect the eight basic essential strokes contained within the character. Those who can correctly write the yong character beautifully can potentially write all characters with beauty.

Basic calligraphy instruction is part of the regular school curriculum in both China and Japan.

[edit] Noted calligraphers

Nearly all traditionally educated men (and sometimes women) in East Asia are proficient in calligraphy. The most famous are:

中国书法英文介绍简单加翻译

Introduction to Chinese calligraphy

Chinese calligraphy is an art unique to Asian cultures. Shu (calligraphy),hua(painting),qin(a string musical instrument),and qi(a strategic boardgame) are the four basic skills and disciplines of the Chinese literature.

Regarded as the most abstract and sublime form of art in Chinese culture ,”shu fa”(calligraphy) is often thought to be the most revealing character of one’s personalityDuring the imperial era,calligraphy was used as an important criteria for selection of executives to the imperial court.Unlike other visual art techniques，all calligraphy strokes are permanent and incorrigible，demanding careful planning and confident execution，like the skills required for an administrator executive.While one has to conform to the defined structure of words，the expression can be extremely creative.

Being one of the world's oldest continuously used and active writing systems, Chinese characters can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC-1046 BC). Over thousands of years, the writing of Chinese characters has been evolved into a highly regarded art form, which is often called Chinese calligraphy.

Calligraphy is considered as a treasured artistic form of Chinese culture. It is not merely a practical technique for writing Chinese characters or a tool for written communication, but also, more importantly, a unique expression of the spiritual world of the calligrapher.

Calligraphy conveys the emotions, esthetic feelings, moral integrity and character of the calligrapher. Appreciators of calligraphy can even tell the character, temper or the change of the calligrapher’s social situation by appreciating his/her work.

The ink stick, ink stone, writing brush and paper are the four essential implements of calligraphy. They are known together as the Four Treasures of the Study. These four "tools" have been employed by artists throughout China’s history, from ancient to modern times. Seals are stylized carvings of the artist's name, and it is customary for an artist to use both his/her signature and personal seal on finished paintings, poetry, calligraphy, documents and letters.

唐摹本的丧乱帖用英语介绍他

Chinese calligraphy (Brush calligraphy) is an art unique to Asian cultures. Shu (calligraphy), Hua (painting), Qin (a string musical instrument), and Qi (a strategic boardgame) are the four basic skills and disciplines of the Chinese literati.

Regarded as the most abstract and sublime form of art in Chinese culture, "Shu Fa" (calligraphy) is often thought to be most revealing of one's personality. During the imperial era, calligraphy was used as an important criterion for selection of executives to the Imperial court. Unlike other visual art techniques, all calligraphy strokes are permanent and incorrigible, demanding careful planning and confident execution. Such are the skills required for an administrator / executive. While one has to conform to the defined structure of words, the expression can be extremely creative. To exercise humanistic imagination and touch under the faceless laws and regulations is also a virtue well appreciated.

By controlling the concentration of ink, the thickness and adsorptivity of the paper, and the flexibility of the brush, the artist is free to produce an infinite variety of styles and forms. In contrast to western calligraphy, diffusing ink blots and dry brush strokes are viewed as a natural impromptu expression rather than a fault. While western calligraphy often pursue font-like uniformity, homogeneity of characters in one size is only a craft. To the artist, calligraphy is a mental exercise that coordinates the mind and the body to choose the best styling in expressing the content of the passage. It is a most relaxing yet highly disciplined exercise indeed for one's physical and spiritual well being. Historically, many calligraphy artists were well-known for their longevity.

Brush calligraphy is not only loved and practiced by Chinese. Koreans and Japanese equally adore calligraphy as an important treasure of their heritage. Many Japanese schools still have the tradition of having a student contest of writing big characters during beginning of a new school year. A biannual gathering commemorating the Lanting Xu by Wang Xi Zhi (The most famous Chinese calligrapher in Jin dynasty, ) is said to be held ceremonially in Japan. There is a national award of Wang Xi Zhi prize for the best calligraphy artist. Not too long ago, Korean government officials were required to excel in calligraphy. The office of Okinawa governor still displays a large screen of Chinese calligraphy as a dominating decor.

In the West, Picasso and Matisse are two artists who openly declared the influence by Chinese calligraphy on their works.

多谢你采纳了我的二个答案。

爱好书法英语作文

我这有个材料，有些地方我并不太赞同。不过这个材料还算严谨，发来你看看吧。英文书法在打字机发明之前，英文也是很讲究书法的，称作calligraphy，意即“漂亮的笔迹”，又因为写得好的多是以誊写为生的penman，也称作penmanship。陀思妥耶夫斯基在《白痴》第三章中有这样的描述：嗯，这是普通、平常、纯粹的英国字体，不可能写得更优美了，这里真是妙笔生花，精巧玲珑，字字珠矾，可谓笔法高超，而这是变体，又是法国的，我是从一个法国流动推销员那里摹写下来的：还是一种英国字体，但黑线少许浓些，粗些，深些，匀称性被破坏了，您也会发觉，椭圆形也变了，稍稍变圆些，加上采用花体，而花体是最危险的东西！花体要求有不同一般的品味，但只要写得好，只要写得匀称，那么就无与伦比了，甚至还能惹人喜爱。（图一）在古文字学(Paleography)中可将拉丁语系字体演化分为六个阶段：首先是罗马时期，罗马帝国在扩张的过程中将拉丁文推广到欧洲各地，罗马体(Roman)一直流行到4世纪，随着西罗马帝国灭亡(公元476年)，欧洲进入了中世纪；在5-8世纪，随着各民族意识逐步觉醒，文字也开始多元化，从较规范的安色尔体、半安色尔体(Uncial, Half-uncial)演化出诸多变种，如英国的海岛体(Insular)，日尔曼人的如尼文字(Runes或Futhark)，法国的梅尔罗加文手写体(Merovingian scripts)，西班牙的西哥特小写体(Visigothic minuscule )等，这一段称作前加洛林时期(pre-Caroline)；查理曼大帝在8世纪实现了加洛林王朝(Caroline)的强盛，阿尔昆(Alcuin)在此期间发明了著名的加洛林小写体(Carolingian minuscule)，将字母大小写正式区分开，这套优美清晰的字符在欧洲迅速流传，虽然王国在查理死后就迅速衰落了，但这个字体却一直影响到几百年后的文艺复兴时期；从查理曼帝国分裂出来的东法兰克王国在11世纪发展成为神圣罗马帝国，主导欧洲局势，于是这些哥特人后裔在宗教祭祀中使用的一种特殊字体——哥特体(Gothic)开始流行，但是这种富有装饰性的字体并不适合书写和阅读，于是又出现了许多变体，如用于写书的Anglicana(因为在英国广泛使用，故名)，用于法庭记录的Chancery，和顾名思义的Secretary等等；到了14世纪，从意大利兴起的文艺复兴(Renaissance)席卷了整个欧洲，人文主义学者们(humanist scholars)所采用的人文书体(Humanist scripts)成为主流，虽然这种基于加洛林小写体的字符仍带有某些哥特风格，1450年德国古登堡(Gutenburg)发明了活版印刷术后，老式的Black Letter不适合这种新工艺，意大利的出版商就用他们当地流行的字体印刷了大量作品，从此以意大利体(Italic)闻名(国内译作斜体已是积重难返了)，而德国也吸收了人文书体的一些优点形成哥特体的一个变种Fraktur以便印刷，而且在日常书写中也产生了自己的手写体Kurrent(Old German Script)，它现代的版本German Script 即通常所说的“花体”；在近现代仍有许多印刷字体、艺术字体和广告字体不断涌现，比如用于铜版印刷的圆体(English Round hand)、德国设计师聚特林发展出的聚特林字体（Sütterlin）等等说了这么多，其实常写的也就意大利体（图二）、花体、圆体几种。